Today, a shopping pattern can be observed that a growing number of individuals utilise credit cards or bank loans without limitation to deal with personal debts that they can't afford. These consumers turn out to be so-called card debtors  due to impulsive shopping and inappropriate use if credit cards and loans. For example, quite a few consumers own a lot of debts and even go bankrupt just because they unwisely/irrationally make excessive purchases such as luxuries or mansions that they are unable to pay for. In light of such a phenomenon, as a result, some economic experts argue that the government  should enhance the criteria in an attempt to assist consumers reduce shopping desire and cut down on unnecessary expenditures so that those who are addicted to overconsumption can better manage their impulsive consumption, whilst others hold different/opposing views/beliefs.

Pros:

in terms of individuals/as far as individuals are concerned,

Test 2 Passage 3 Have Teenagers always existed?

Q. 27-30: D A B D

Q. 31-36

1.

Nowadays, a growing number of people are depending on credit cards or loans to manage their personal heavy debts that they in fact cannot afford to pay.

Or:

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Yogurt Making

1. Provided is the diagram revealing how yogurt is produced. / Given is the diagram depicting the process of making yogurt. To start with, milk is heated up to 90℃(or 200℉).

2. The milk is maintained at this temperature for 10-30 minutes because the longer it is kept, the thicker the milk will be. / The milk is kept at this temperature in order to make it thicker.

Airline emissions scheme could lead to higher fares

Europe’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) extended to the aviation industry last week, requiring all airline carriers landing in the 27-nation European Union to monitor their carbon emissions.

Under the scheme, each airline is allowed a specified amount of CO2 emissions. If the airline emits more than that amount, it must purchase carbon allowances. If it emits less than its limit, it can sell its extra allowances to other heavy carbon emitters, such as other airlines, steel makers, refineries or power plants.

Airlines in Europe and around the world are squawking about the measure, saying that the scheme will increase costs -- which they intend to pass along to their customers by raising fares. The airlines say the scheme could add about one billion euros to their costs this year, tripling to nearly three billion euros by 2020.

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What are the most significant negative consequences of the massive expansion of car ownership?

One of the factors that distinguish developed from developing economies is mass car ownership. Cars undoubtedly have practical benefits for the individuals who own them. They allow for more flexible and autonomous travel. Like other consumer items, they can be used to express individual taste and identity. However, they also clearly have a number of undesirable consequences.

        One of these consequences is deterioration in people’s health. Urban pollution, which is largely caused by vehicle emissions, can lead to respiratory problems such as asthma. These health problems are more prevalent in cities, particularly among children and the elderly. Noise pollution caused by cars is another problem that can affect people’s health.

The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running cost in three seperate years: 1981, 1991 and 2001.

In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers' salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers pay remained the biggest cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.

Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an oppositetrend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.